Afghanistan,Dari Persian, Pashtu (both official), other Turkic and minor languages
Albania,Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek
Algeria,Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Andorra,Catalán (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
Angola,Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Antigua and Barbuda,English (official), local dialects
Argentina,Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Armenia,Armenian 98%, Yezidi, Russian
Australia,English 79%, native and other languages
Austria,German (official nationwide); Slovene, Croatian, Hungarian (each official in one region)
Azerbaijan,Azerbaijani Turkic 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
Bahamas,English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Bahrain,Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Bangladesh,Bangla (official), English
Barbados,English
Belarus,Belorussian (White Russian), Russian, other
Belgium,Dutch (Flemish) 60%, French 40%, German less than 1% (all official)
Belize,English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
Benin,French (official), Fon, Yoruba, tribal languages
Bhutan,Dzongkha (official), Tibetan dialects (among Bhotes), Nepalese dialects (among Nepalese)
Bolivia,Spanish, Quechua, Aymara (all official)
Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Botswana,English 2% (official), Setswana 78%, Kalanga 8%, Sekgalagadi 3%, other (2001)
Brazil,Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Brunei,Malay (official), English, Chinese
Bulgaria,Bulgarian 85%, Turkish 10%, Roma 4%
Burkina Faso,French (official); native African (Sudanic) languages 90%
Burundi,Kirundi and French (official), Swahili
Cambodia,Khmer 95% (official), French, English
Cameroon,French, English (both official); 24 major African language groups
Canada,English 59.3%, French 23.2% (both official); other 17.5%
Cape Verde,Portuguese, Criuolo
Central African Republic,French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), tribal languages
Chad,French, Arabic (both official); Sara; more than 120 languages and dialects
Chile,Spanish
China,Standard Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages
Colombia,Spanish
Comoros,Arabic and French (both official), Shikomoro (Swahili/Arabic blend)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the ,French (official), Lingala, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
Congo, Republic of,French (official), Lingala, Monokutuba, Kikongo, many local languages and dialects
Costa Rica,Spanish (official), English
Côte d'Ivoire,French (official) and African languages (Dioula esp.)
Croatia,Croatian 96% (official), other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, German)
Cuba,Spanish
Cyprus,Greek, Turkish (both official); English
Czech Republic,Czech
Denmark,Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (Inuit dialect), German; English is the predominant second language
Djibouti,French and Arabic (both official), Somali, Afar
Dominica,English (official) and French patois
Dominican Republic,Spanish
East Timor,Tetum, Portuguese (official); Bahasa Indonesia, English; other indigenous languages, including Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak
Ecuador,Spanish (official), Quechua, other Amerindian languages
Egypt,Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
El Salvador,Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
Equatorial Guinea,Spanish, French (both official); pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Igbo
Eritrea,Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Estonia,Estonian 67% (official), Russian 30%, other (2000)
Ethiopia,Amharic, Tigrigna, Orominga, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, English, over 70 others
Fiji,English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Finland,Finnish 92%, Swedish 6% (both official); small Sami- (Lapp) and Russian-speaking minorities
France,French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects (Provençal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
Gabon,French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia,English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous
Georgia,Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, other 7% (Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia)
Germany,German
Ghana,English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Greece,Greek 99% (official), English, French
Grenada,English (official), French patois
Guatemala,Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Guinea,French (official), native tongues (Malinké, Susu, Fulani)
Guinea-Bissau,Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages
Guyana,English (official), Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
Haiti,Creole and French (both official)
Honduras,Spanish (official), Amerindian dialects; English widely spoken in business
Hungary,Magyar (Hungarian) 94%, other 6%
Iceland,Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
India,Hindi 30%, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kannada, Assamese, Sanskrit, Sindhi (all official); Hindi/Urdu; 1,600+ dialects
Indonesia,Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages and dialects
Iran,Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Iraq,Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Ireland,English, Irish (Gaelic) (both official)
Israel,Hebrew (official), Arabic, English
Italy,Italian (official); German-, French-, and Slovene-speaking minorities
Jamaica,English, Jamaican Creole
Japan,Japanese
Jordan,Arabic (official), English
Kazakhstan,Kazak (Qazaq, state language) 64%; Russian (official, used in everyday business) 95% (2001 est.)
Kenya,English (official), Swahili (national), and numerous indigenous languages
Kiribati,English (official), I-Kiribati (Gilbertese)
Korea, North,Korean
Korea, South,Korean, English widely taught
Kosovo,Albanian (official), Serbian (official), Bosnian, Turkish, Roma
Kuwait,Arabic (official), English
Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyz, Russian (both official)
Laos,Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages
Latvia,Latvian 58% (official), Russian 38%, Lithuanian, other (2000)
Lebanon,Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
Lesotho,English, Sesotho (both official); Zulu, Xhosa
Liberia,English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic-group languages
Libya,Arabic, Italian, and English widely understood in major cities
Liechtenstein,German (official), Alemannic dialect
Lithuania,Lithuanian 82% (official), Russian 8%, Polish 6% (2001)
Luxembourg,Luxermbourgish (national) French, German (both administrative)
Macedonia ,Macedonian 67%, Albanian 25% (both official); Turkish 4%, Roma 2%, Serbian 1% (2002)
Madagascar,Malagasy and French (both official)
Malawi,Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998)
Malaysia,Bahasa Melayu (Malay, official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; several indigenous languages (including Iban, Kadazan) in East Malaysia
Maldives,Maldivian Dhivehi (official); English spoken by most government officials
Mali,French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Malta,Maltese and English (both official)
Marshall Islands,Marshallese 98% (two major dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family), English widely spoken as a second language (both official); Japanese
Mauritania,Hassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Wolof
Mauritius,English less than 1% (official), Creole 81%, Bojpoori 12%, French 3% (2000)
Mexico,Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Micronesia,English (official, common), Chukese, Pohnpeian, Yapase, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
Moldova,Moldovan (official; virtually the same as Romanian), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Monaco,French (official), English, Italian, Monégasque
Mongolia,Mongolian, 90%; also Turkic and Russian (1999)
Montenegro,Serbian/Montenegrin (Ijekavian dialect—official)
Morocco,Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often used for business, government, and diplomacy
Mozambique,Portuguese 9% (official; second language of 27%), Emakhuwa 26%, Xichangana 11%, Elomwe 8%, Cisena 7%, Echuwabo 6%, other Mozambican languages 32% (1997)
Myanmar,Burmese, minority languages
Namibia,English 7% (official), Afrikaans is common language of most of the population and of about 60% of the white population, German 32%; indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
Nauru,Nauruan (official), English
Nepal,Nepali 48% (official), Maithali 12%, Bhojpuri 7%, Tharu 6%, Tamang 5%, others. English spoken by many in government and business (2001)
Netherlands,Dutch, Frisian (both official)
New Zealand,English, Maori (both official)
Nicaragua,Spanish 98% (official); English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast (1995)
Niger,French (official), Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria,English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, and more than 200 others
Norway,Bokmål Norwegian, Nynorsk Norwegian (both official); small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities (Sami is official in six municipalities)
Oman,Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Pakistan,Urdu 8%, English (both official); Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, Burushaski, and others 8%
Palau,Palauan 64.7%, English 9.4%, Sonsoralese, Tobi, Angaur (each official on some islands), Filipino 13.5%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000)
Palestinian State (proposed),Arabic, Hebrew, English
Panama,Spanish (official), English 14%, many bilingual
Papua New Guinea,Tok Pisin (Melanesian Pidgin, the lingua franca), Hiri Motu (in Papua region), English 1%–2%; 715 indigenous languages
Paraguay,Spanish, Guaraní (both official)
Peru,Spanish, Quéchua (both official); Aymara; many minor Amazonian languages
Philippines,Filipino (based on Tagalog), English (both official); eight major dialects: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Poland,Polish 98% (2002)
Portugal,Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Qatar,Arabic (official); English a common second language
Romania,Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Russia,Russian, others
Rwanda,Kinyarwanda, French, and English (all official); Kiswahili in commercial centers
St. Kitts and Nevis,English
St. Lucia,English (official), French patois
St. Vincent and the Grenadines,English, French patois
Samoa,Samoan, English
San Marino,Italian
São Tomé and Príncipe,Portuguese (official)
Saudi Arabia,Arabic
Senegal,French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Serbia,Serbian (official); Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, and Croatian (all official in Vojvodina); Albanian (official in Kosovo)
Seychelles,Seselwa Creole 92%, English 5%, French (all official) (2002)
Sierra Leone,English (official), Mende (southern vernacular), Temne (northern vernacular), Krio (lingua franca)
Singapore,Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000)
Slovakia,Slovak 84% (official), Hungarian 11%, Roma 2%, Ukrainian 1% (2001)
Slovenia,Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 5% (2002)
Solomon Islands,English 1%–2% (official), Melanesian pidgin (lingua franca), 120 indigenous languages
Somalia,Somali (official), Arabic, English, Italian
South Africa,IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2%
South Sudan,English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants) (official), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk
Spain,Castilian Spanish 74% (official nationwide); Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% (each official regionally)
Sri Lanka,Sinhala 74% (official and national), Tamil 18% (national), other 8%; English is commonly used in government and spoken competently by about 10%
Sudan,Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
Suriname,Dutch (official), Surinamese (lingua franca), English widely spoken, Hindustani, Javanese
Swaziland,English, siSwati (both official)
Sweden,Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Switzerland,German 64%, French 20%, Italian 7% (all official); Romansch 0.5% (national)
Syria,Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Taiwan,Chinese (Mandarin, official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Tajikistan,Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Tanzania,Swahili, English (both official); Arabic; many local languages
Thailand,Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Togo,French (official, commerce); Ewé, Mina (south); Kabyé, Dagomba (north); and many dialects
Tonga,Tongan (an Austronesian language), English
Trinidad and Tobago,English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Tunisia,Arabic (official, commerce), French (commerce)
Turkey,Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli, Azeri, Kabardian
Turkmenistan,Turkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Tuvalu,Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
Uganda,English (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Ukraine,Ukrainian 67%, Russian 24%, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
United Arab Emirates,Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
United Kingdom,English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
United States,English 82%, Spanish 11% (2000)
Uruguay,Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero
Uzbekistan,Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Vanuatu,Bislama 23% (a Melanesian pidgin English), English 2%, French 1% (all 3 official); more than 100 local languages 73%
Vatican City (Holy See),Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Venezuela,Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Vietnam,Vietnamese (official); English (increasingly favored as a second language); some French, Chinese, Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Western Sahara (proposed state),Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Yemen,Arabic
Zambia,English (official); major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga; about 70 other indigenous languages
Zimbabwe,English (official), Shona, Ndebele (Sindebele), numerous minor tribal dialects